Business Forms Worksheet Essay

There are seven forms of business: sole proprietorship, partnership, limited liability partnership, limited liability company (including the single member LLC), S Corporation, Franchise, and Corporation. 1. Research and provide three advantages and three disadvantages for each business form. 2. Provide a 100- to 200-word summary in which you provide an example business that you would start for each form. What is legally necessary to file in order to form that business? Discuss at least one of the advantages and one of the disadvantages of that form. Sole Proprietorship Advantages 1. Income taxes 2. Continuity of business 3. Control of business Disadvantages 1. Liability 2. Closure of business 3. Difficulty raising capital Summary Sole priprietors are not that difficult to set up and maintain. For example, if someone were to start up a photography or salon business, then they are considered to be a sole proprietor. Being a sole proprietor means that you do not have to pay a supplier or default on any debts, but creditors may take the sole proprietors person possessions. Sole proprietors must report any and all business income or losses on their income tax return on the IRS form 1040 with a Schedule C attachment. Most cities require that a sole proprietor register the business. Once they do this, the person will receive a business license or tax registration certificate. As a sole proprietor, control of business is important because that person does not have to follow the rules or regulations someone else has put out. They are able to charge prices they see fit and can set their own hours. Difficulty raising capital can be a burden for most sole proprietors who want to set up shop. It can cost a substantial amount of money to lease space and purchase equipment. Without proper equipment, the business could have difficulty bringing in customers. Partnership Advantages 1. Easy to establish partnership 2. More creative brainstorming 3. More complimentary skills Disadvantages 1. Liable for other partners actions 2. Shared profits 3. Limited life on partnership Summary A partnership consists of two or more people owning a single business. Each partner contributes their share into the business covering areas such as labor and skill, property, and money. Take a restaurant for example. All decisions are made together including any issues, profits, or change of ownership. A partnership can be easy, but expensive. All profits must be shared equally since the partners are equally invested in the success of the restaurant. Some forms that are required of a partnership are Schedule K-1 since they are not considered employees, but partners. For tax purposes, partners must fill out additional taxes such as income tax, self-employment tax, and estimated tax. A partnership needs to register with the IRS as well as state and local revenue agencies that will help with obtaining permits and tax ID numbers. It is easy to establish and partnership since usually it is with someone that person trusts in all aspects, but the issues may arise causing a limited life on the partnership. Limited Liability Partnership Advantages 1. Flexibility 2. Liability protection 3. Tax advantages Disadvantages 1. Death of partner 2. Partners not consulting 3. Money and property becomes owned by partnership Summary A limited liability partnership consists of each partner having protection under personal liability. The LLP is not a separate entity for tax purposes, but profits and losses are reported on each partner’s tax return. Because this is a partnership, each partner has equal rights in the management. What is great about a limited liability partnership is the flexibility. Flexibility allows the partner to have a certain type of control over the environment. Partners who do not consult each other can have issues in the future. This could lead to the closure of the company or a forming of a new partnership. To start a limited liability partnership, partners must register and submit it to the Secretary of State along with the required fees. A Limited Liability Partnership Alternative Security Provision transmittal form must be filed as well. Once these documents are approved, the Secretary of State will return stamped copies of the forms as well as a Certificate of Registration to the partnership. Limited Liability Company, (including the single member LLC) Advantages 1. Freedom in management 2. Limitless ownership 3. Pass-through taxation Disadvantages 1. Taxation 2. Building capital 3. Government regulations Summary A limited liability company consists of a single owner, or sometimes more than one owner, and are not taxed as separate business entities. All profits and losses pass through the business to those who own the company. Owners must report profits and losses on their personal tax return filing as a corporation, partnership, or sole proprietorship. If the LLC is ran by a single owner, they file a 1040 Schedule C form as a sole proprietor. Partners file a 1065 form consisting of a partnership, and a form 1120 is filed if the LLC is filing as a corporation. The LLC must be registered such as the State Corporation Commission, Department of Commerce and Consumer Affairs, Department of Consumer and Regulatory Affairs, or the Division of Corporations and Commercial Code. The great thing about an LLC is that the owner has freedom in management. The owner is able to run the organization as they see fit not answering to anyone, but there are government regulations they must follow that can hinder some of that freedom. S Corporation Advantages 1. Protected assets 2. Straightforward transfer of ownership 3. Tax Credits Disadvantages 1. Restrictions on stock ownership 2. Tax qualification obligations 3. Closer IRS scrutiny Summary An S Corporation is an eligible domestic corporation that is able to avoid double taxation. Usually the corporation and shareholders are both taxed under a corporation, so S corporation avoids the extra taxation. The organization is not considered an S corp until it is qualified under IRS stipulations. The business is not taxed itself, but shareholders are taxed. The S Corp must register with the IRS, state, and local revenue agencies that provide permits and tax ID numbers. Depending on the state, all S corps are not taxed equally. To file as an S Corp, you must file as a corporation and have shareholders file a 2553 form to see if the corporation qualifies. In an S Corp, tax credits are a valuable advantage because only the wages of an employee who is a shareholder go into employment tax. The disadvantage of S Corp is that the IRS keeps close tabs on all tax filings. Franchise Advantages 1. Increases chances of business success 2. Provides establishes products from widespread brand name recognition 3. Provides franchisee independence to operate their own business Disadvantages 1. Franchisee must comply with franchisor on procedures and restrictions 2. Franchisee must pay advertising fees and ongoing royalties 3. Limited franchise agreement Summary Someone who owns a franchise is willing to take on a business, but under the franchisers rules and regulations. The franchiser provides the type of services, site selection, training, products, and marketing plans that will  allow the franchisee to run the location under this guidance. Franchisees provide the start up costs as well as the money for day-to-day operations.Types of forms that are used in franchises include a UFOC, franchise agreement, owners agreement, development agreement, and subfranchise agreement. What is great about owning a franchise is that the business owner increases their chance of becoming successful. Some franchises do well, while others perform not so well which could limit the owner’s franchise agreement. Corporation Advantages 1. Stock markets can help raise capital 2. Transfer of ownership to person with highest share certificates 3. Owners’ contribution, regarding liability, is at stake rather than personal assets Disadvantages 1. Requires central regulatory authority and listing on stock exchange 2. Board of directors 3. Double taxation Summary A corporation consists of many tasks for start up. The business needs to comply with state corporation rules. Directors need to be appointed as well as the many forms filled out. Some of these forms include articles of incorporation along with filing fees that are required. By laws need to be completed as well as issuing stock certificates to the shareholders. After  this, obtaining licences and permits for the business is prudent. This includes filling out form 2553 to obtain Tax ID numbers from the IRS. A permit from the state is required depending on the state. The advantage corporations have is that the shareholder with the most share certificates becomes the next owner if someone were to step down or pass away. A disadvantage is the double taxation. Taxation not only includes the business, but the shareholders as well.

Vdot Paper

Running head: VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION CASE STUDY Virginia Department of Transportation Case Study A high-performance business or body, time after time, attains excellence whilst fashioning a first-rate work atmosphere (Schermerhorn, 2010). The Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) was once considered a premier transportation department, but over the years their reputation had become damaged due to budget overruns and a public perception that VDOT could not do its job. When Mark Warner was elected governor of Virginia in 2001, he wanted a new commissioner for VDOT that had private sector experience to turn VDOT around. His search led him to appoint Philip Shucet, a transportation engineer with both public and private sector experience. This paper will discuss some of the management theories that could have been applied to problems at VDOT, as well as how management has reacted to challenges. Next, an environmental analysis will be conducted and short, mid, and long-term goals will be discussed. Finally, Shucet’s motivation to take the job and the motivational problems at VDOT will be addressed. Management Theories McGregor’s Theory X â€Å"assumes that people dislike work, lack ambition, are irresponsible and resistant to change, and prefer to be led† (Oke, 2011, pg. 26). Theory Y â€Å"assumes that people are willing to work, accept responsibility, and are capable of self-direction and creativity† (Oke, 2011, pg. 26). When Shucet arrived at VDOT, Theory X was much more in place, as is often the case in large bureaucracies. There was little teamwork or communication between departments and no one really knew the status of any of the projects (Clawson & Yemen, 2011). If Shucet implemented Theory Y much of this would change as employees took responsibility for their projects and became motivated to succeed. Frederick Taylor’s scientific management theory would also help to improve performance at VDOT. Taylor’s theory stresses finding the right workers for the job and training them correctly (Oke, 2011). Downsizing led to massive retirements of highly skilled workers during the 1990’s. This pushed under or unqualified people into positions they were not ready for (Clawson & Yemen, 2005). An evaluation of the staff and their qualifications for their current positions could result in a restructuring that would better match skills with job requirements. Implementation of Henri Fayol’s administrative principles would have had a significant impact on VDOT. Fayol spells out five duties of management; foresight, organization, command, coordination, and control (Oke, 2011). While there were deficiencies in all of these categories, two in particular were weak, coordination and control. Coordination is defined as actions that â€Å"fit diverse efforts together and ensure that information is shared and problems solved† (Oke, 2011, p. 22). As discussed earlier, information sharing was a significant weakness at VDOT. Control is actions that â€Å"make sure things happen according to plan and to take necessary corrective action† (Oke, 2011, p. 22). Since no one knew the status of the projects, management could not take corrective actions in a timely manner. Six Challengers The six challenges in today’s workforce are ethics, globalization, technology, knowledge, diversity, and change (Oke, 2011). Ethical issues were a significant problem at VDOT. The commissioner of VDOT was a political appointee and this sometimes led to under-qualified individuals or people with their own agendas being placed in charge of a multi-billion dollar organization (Trying to Keep Virginia Moving, 2005). The appointment of Shucet corrected this, as he did not have political aspirations and was concerned only about getting VDOT functioning correctly for the long-term. Globalization was not much of a factor at VDOT since they are a governmental entity that does not compete on the open market and their business is entirely located in Virginia. Shucet noticed quickly that there were technologies available to the employees that were not being utilized efficiently or effectively. This increased workloads and reduced the communication. VDOT had lost a significant portion of their most knowledgeable workers to early retirements and resources needed to be devoted to improving the knowledge and skills of the current workforce. Diversity is a challenge in all organizations, but was not specifically addressed in this case study. The final challenge is change, which is often difficult for large, bureaucratic organizations like VDOT. There was much that needed to change, from the organizational structure, to communications, to major procedures such as budgeting and tracking of projects. Private businesses are forced to change to keep pace with competition. However, until Shucet arrived, VDOT did not have the necessary motivators to implement the necessary changes. Environmental Analysis The specific and general environment conditions played a pivotal role in the effectiveness and trustworthiness of the VDOT organization before Shucet was hired. The organization was barraged with scrutiny from both ends of the hierarchical spectrum. The politicians in Virginia created an impression that VDOT was both poorly managing and severely under-funding their proposed projects. Virginia citizens were also criticizing VDOT wondering and if their tax dollars were being spent properly (Darden, 2005). VDOT is a government organization that must face the pressures of scrutiny from many groups and should have had answers to provide the stakeholders. The taxpayers had a right to know why projects were being under-funded, why approximately 15% of VDOT’s projects were going unfinished and what they were going to do about fixing it. Unfortunately, VDOT did not have the answers (Darden, 2005). Economic conditions were negatively impacting VDOT. They did not have the current or projected revenue to complete the projects within the six-year plan. Their estimates were based on expected population growth in Virginia as well as expected growth in tax revenue that the population increase would generate. When the projections fell short it resulted in VDOT’s projects not being fully funded. The political conditions created a sense of tension among VDOT and the many political bodies that had influence over it. In addition, local politicians were publicly criticizing their own transportation department, demeaning the organization in the eyes of its most critical stakeholder, the taxpayers of Virginia. Goals Based on the environmental analysis, one short-term goal for VDOT would be to decrease the political impact on the organization. Governor Warner accomplished this goal by appointing Shucet and then leaving him alone. In an interview, Shucet said that in the three years since becoming commissioner, the governor had called him â€Å"about six times† (Bacon, 2004, n. p. ). This allowed VDOT to plan for the long-term and not just to meet a political agenda. Another short-term goal would be to make VDOT more transparent to the public. Shucet did this by creating a website showing the status and cost of all of the VDOT’s projects (Bacon, 2004). A mid to long-term goal would be increasing the completion rate of VDOT’s projects. In Shucet’s second year, VDOT’s completion rate increased to 39% and was expected to meet its projection of 60% in year three. The long-term goal was to reach a completion rate of 80% (Bacon, 2004). Both of these goals should decrease the taxpayers’ displeasure with VDOT. VDOT was experiencing significant revenue shortfalls. Rather than just raising taxes to increase revenue, a final long-term goal would be to change the focus of transportation planning in Virginia away from just building new roads to finding new, more economical solutions to the state’s transportation problems (Bacon, 2004). This goal will help to ensure the taxpayers are getting the most value for their tax dollar. Shucet’s Motivation There are a number of theories that could apply to the motivating factor that led to Shucet taking on the VDOT commissioner position. However, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs provides an excellent one. Shucet had met all of his lower order needs and was looking to fulfill his need for self-actualization through creative and challenging work, by having decision making authority, and by being autonomous (Oke, 2011). VDOT was a complex problem. This was an opportunity for Shucet to fix the third largest transportation department and regain their status as one of the best departments of transportation in the country. The commissioner of VDOT is a high-ranking state position and Governor Warner allowed him the autonomy he needed to freely make decisions to improve the department. Motivational Theories Motivational theory is composed of four sections; content, process, reinforcement, and job enrichment. Herzberg’s two-factor theory is a content theory that states that by increasing satisfier factors, a manager can increase job satisfaction. Prior to Shucet’s arrival, individuals were not accountable for their projects. By making individuals more accountable and acknowledging accomplishments, Shucet could motivate his employees to perform better. Expectancy theory, a process theory, links achievement and reward to performance. Because of the lack of accountability under prior commissioners, there was not a link between performance and achievement, and most likely no rewards system. People are motivated to work harder if they know it will make a difference and that there is a reward for them. By implementing a rewards system, VDOT could motivate their employees to accomplish the mission of the organization. Positive reinforcement â€Å"strengthens or increases the frequency of desirable behavior by making a pleasant consequence contingent on its occurrence† (Oke, 2011, p. 93). With all of the public scrutiny of VDOT, morale was very low. By identifying the things the groups were doing well and by providing praise and other rewards as new goals were accomplished, Shucet could turn the attitudes of the employees around. Job enrichment increases job scope and job depth (Oke, 2011). Since one of the goals of VDOT was to hold individuals more accountable for their projects, enriching their jobs would allow them the flexibility and authority to truly take ownership of their jobs. When employees feel they have a stake in the outcome of a project they are more motivated to do well. Discussion Even when an organization is as dysfunctional as VDOT was, there are numerous tools available to managers to improve their organizations. Everything from the structure of the organization as a whole to the definition of each individual’s job contributes to the success or failure of an organization. The ability to implement the correct tool for the situation at the correct time is what sets great managers apart from the rest. References Bacon, J. A. (2004). The Shucet Shakeup. Retrieved October 5, 2011 from http://www. baconsrebellion. com/Issues04/09-07/Bacon. htm Clawson, J. G. & Yemen, G. (2005). Virginia Department of Transportation: Trying to Keep Virginia Moving. Charlottesville, VA: Darden Business Publishing. Retrieved October 12, 2011, from http://it. darden. virginia. edu/VDOT/studentWeb/ content/index. htm? speed=128 Oke, R. (2011). Management and organizational behavior. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Custom Learning Solutions. Custom text ISBN 13: 9780470942710 Schermerhorn, J. R. (2010). Management. (10th ed). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Trying To Keep Virgina Moving. (2005). Retrieved October 14, 2011, from http://it. darden. virginia. edu/VDOT/studentWeb/content/index. htm? speed=128

Business munication And Peroformance Free Sample

Reflecting on the individual’s growth is very important for learning, understanding, visualizing person identity and also individual research.   In the present group study, prising of five members I have learnt and experienced a number of munication traits and also an in-depth understanding on resolving the conflicts while being in a group of individuals sharing their ideas and beliefs on different articles and the references. While contributing to the group project I had experience of developing my own skills to learning through online tools, materials from textbooks and utilizing the library resources productively. Participating in the team work, contributing and analyzing to innovative ideas and the quantum of knowledge involved in the group enlightened me on how to resolve any issue or disagreement and appear with an appropriate resolution (Danks, 2012). Likewise, such writing assignment also enhanced my writing skills along with others group members ideas as an added ad vantage. Group project has obliged me with a fresh insight to work in a group. The group work has provided me an opportunity to learn various activities as a part of project. It b es easier to work in teams which exhibits involving and derive satisfying participation for the students. I input my maximum involvement while engaging in this project which made me more task oriented and I achieved better satisfaction. Although the group project demand a set of skills and prove to be challenging too (DuPont, 2013). This project helped me to understand how to tackle plex situation and what kind of plexities are involved in such kind of task oriented groups. Earlier, it turned out to be quite a difficult task for me to get acquainted with the teamwork process and utilization of munication skills but eventually this project helped me to develop good judgment with stronger intellect pushing me towards the achievement of the task. Undoubtedly group working enhances one’s skills and brings attention to one’s personality. It gives an idea of opening up to the variety of people, experiencing good as well bad traits, learning new definitions towards achieving goals and ensures an overall growth of the personality (Johnson and Wiggs, 2011).   The best trait I learned with this project is to interact with new kind of people and improve over my munication skills. It helped me develop a skill which I wasn’t sure of. Most importantly it helped me to get organized, meet the deadlines or sometimes even before that, work in union and raise concerned matters if any. Collective working makes the project bigger as pared as working individually (Ellis, 2012). Group activity has developed a sense of helping in me, and I achieved more in less time simultaneously keeping a check on group members and helping them out if anyone is in need. Precisely, the work distribution done fairly and evenly has been of great praise and work done in efficient and on time has proved to be a boon for the group project. The trait which took my attention was passing of ill ments over other members back or over the members being non-participant during the project work. I am a strong believer of putting hundred percent in any project and be sincere towards the group activity. Another thing which hindered was the availability of all the members at one time (Peterson, 2012). It happens that one will be busy when other is free and vice versa. It’s not the same as when an individual can work at its own convenience. Dependency on other group members for their work has also been one of the issues pondered over during the project study. That’s unfair on the part of a person doing its work on time and meets the deadlines and is focused on pleting the task (Atkins and Lowe, 2011). Group projects involve a variety of people which makes it difficult as pared to working individually. It’s like a river-rafting where all members flow in one direction and make efforts in one direction then journey proves to be smooth and easy-going. Similarly in the reverse condition, it b es inconclusive to mence the journey. To ove e such barriers and to have less obstruction in the working of the project, we decided to elect a team leader that would supervise the progress of the project, conclude team meets and resolve the arguments to maintain the consistency among the members. Initially, it seemed to be like a funny decision, but soon its worth was recognized (Iksan, 2012). Being in a group it became evident that all individuals will try to impose their thinking and this would lead to chaos in pleting the activities. I observed that distributing the tasks among the members became a headache and it ultimately lead to over-lapping of the tasks. The difference of opinion resulted in understanding different perspectives. I also acknowledged that at times some members felt left-out and disconnected. Nevertheless, encouragements from the fellow members kept all of us in unison which enabled the coherence in the group. But overall, whenever the conflicts or any such concerned issues arose we collectively made attempts to resolve and also deliver best ou es which we can. During the course of the project we encountered various difficulties, right from finding the appropriate articles to support our task to quote the references for the same. Numerous researches and methods were made applicable to spot the correct articles and the related online sites were also thorough been looked over to get the suitable material. With the help of such available material I concluded my work assigned task and understood the important notes of prising anecdotes. Another major barrier I faced was the time limit. In exploring the various resources of knowledge, and while going through my research, I always felt short of time and this happen to sharpen my speed in meeting the deadlines (Nixon, 2014). Prominently I excelled in pleting the task that summarized and analyzed the context and topic effectively. I managed to deliver better results for the topic and it didn’t majorly exhibit any plexities in pleting the task. Working in a closely related group of individuals benefitted me the most in a fruitful manner. It gave me satisfaction of discovering the new aspects of the relevant articles with the quantum of knowledge shared by every individual. The best thing I learnt from this group activity was to manage the individuals, work with different mindsets, share the ideas and discover innovations through group members and also sincerely dealing with the conflicts that arose during the term (Largo and Johns, 2008). This project enabled the writing, deriving, piling, organizing and publicizing skills in me to critically review on the subject matter. It made me realize that the project explained negative as well positive attributes. Other than organizing and piling of the related information, I also went through scanning, revising and arranging the important points with supportive examples and keynotes. All this pains in understanding the importance of this project developed the writing skills which has left me also in amaze. Concluding part lead to sense of improvisation in the basic skills I required and enhanced my overall personality. Moreover, not only I shoved off my fear of interacting strangers but also made new subordinates to whom I municated broadly, discussed all the matters which tend to be difficult to ove e and conducted all the tasks as a team. I regard this project as a stepping stone towards the understanding of a better knowledge attributes and incorporating some set of skills which I wasn’t aware of. It had been a useful and a learning experience. This assignment delivered various benefits to me which will be helpful to me for the future assignments. This project again refreshed my research skills from which I had been detached recently. Examining the team attributes, experiencing new challenges every day, developing a sense of critical analysis will definitely help me in future projects. Being a part of a group it ignited the skills of leadership, managing people and groomed myself as a part of team. I am sure all the group members also must have experienced the same as I have experienced. With the available resources it has proved to an easy path to contribute maximum in the pletion of the task and also enhance our knowledge with such improvisation. However, there have been areas where certain changes are needed which would help the group to perform better. Availing the related material onsite on time and make sure that the information is passed on to all the group members together. In the future, the group will perform better with such enhanced skills and deliver with more mitment and sincerity. The project has created a new set of understanding and knowledge which has engraved learning in me and confront me with in-depth obligation to deliver more the next time. I would conclude saying that such reflective learning experience not only groomed my writing skills and enhanced my team work experience but it also immersed me in developing a self-discipline behavior as well a spirit of working in a group. Such group projects enabled to accentuate my hidden personality traits and develop those which I could barely think of.    Atkins, S. and Lowe, S. (2011), Agents of change – a call for effective leadership, University of Boston Press, Boston, Mass Danks, W. (2012), ‘The dynamic boardroom municator’, munication Performance Management, vol. 3, no. 3/4, pp. 82-90. DuPont, A. (2013). munication in action – a review, McGraw-Hill, New York. Ellis, S. (2012). ‘Intellectual teamwork: social and technological foundations of cooperation’, Journal of Sociology, vol. 32, no. 6. Iksan, ZH, Zakaria, E, Meerah, TSM, Osman, K, Lian, DKC, Mahmud, SND and Krish, P (2012), munication skills among university students’, Procedia: Social and Behavioral Sciences, vol. 59, pp. 71–6, Johnson, R. and Wiggs, P. (2011), ‘Change management--or change leadership?’, Journal of Change Management, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 311-17. Largo, E. and Johns, M. (2008). Sensing of change management – rulemaking for the 21st Century, Swan Page, London. Nixon, D. (2014). munication traits, Manchester, UK, viewed 16 November 2014, . Peterson, H. (2012), Teamwork dynamics, Smithfield Press, New York. Wu, Z. and Xiao, L. 2011, ‘Team builder: a CSR tool for identifying expertise and team strengths’, Allied munications, vol. 12, no. 10, pp. 32-47..

The Business Environment in Relation to Morrisons Essay

The Business Environment in Relation to Morrisons - Essay Example The details further establish the salient use of the variables in rebuilding the supermarkets’ strategic framework. The company’s factors of success Morrisons has competently claimed its position in the U.Ks retail market through the lead in delivery of quality food and groceries. The supermarket chain has grown tremendously after merging with Safeways Company. Morrisons currently has the capability to make on-point deliveries effectively than the competitors. The outlet discovered that, some of its drawbacks resulted from poor distribution and delivery channels. Therefore, it strategized accordingly, and in the modern day, the company has a neat flow of goods to reach the final consumer via the outlets it established. The company has reduced the overall overheads through the procurement of privately owned transportation means, and outlets. The company enjoys customer loyalty through the delivery of quality goods satisfactorily at the time that the consumer may perceive the need (Henry, 2008: 66). Morrisons Company seeks to deliver value profitably to the consumer for mutual benefits. It first establishes customers’ needs and determines the most pressing that call for immediate attention. The company wins over the competition through intense research to ascertain any changes in the markets and the availability of new markets. Suppliers’ core value to a business is to deliver materials and inventories. Morrisons realized that, their suppliers were incompetent and the costs of sourcing them were relatively high. Therefore, the supermarket has established supply chains thus, resulting to reduced costs of materials and effective distribution of products to its various chain stores. The main factors towards the growth of supermarkets are; customer satisfaction, reduced costs hence considerably low prices, and effective delivery of quality products (Bensoussan & Fleisher, 2008: 68). The supermarket has continuously erected food stores in a n attempt to reach all entire market, which still remains inadequately catered for. Through the strategic mission and vision statements, the company propels the set plans and strategies to achieving its goals and objectives. Morrisons’ vision and mission statements express their practices inertly, and more emphasis relates to customer satisfaction. The company enjoys economies of scale by the fast and the effective rate of diversification of investment.  

Community Heath Promotion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Community Heath Promotion - Essay Example It involves establishing the links between community development initiatives to the health of the members of the community and the quality of life they live. The identified need in this case is the improvement of awareness on Parkinson’s disease among the Aboriginals in Ontario province, Canada. The program takes the following approach. 1) Identification of the problem and possible diagnosis This is the initial step in health promotion and involves the identification of a particular group and the problem. The health issue has been identified in this case as the high risks to Parkinson’s disease among the Aboriginals of Ontario, Canada. Appropriate data to be used in the entire promotion initiative have also been obtained that describe the whole situation. 2) Informing the members of the public The members of the public are the target and the ultimate beneficiaries of the initiative. In communicating the intended program, the culture of the particular community has to be identified as this can influence their perception of the initiative and the appropriate approach that can be used. The community leaders are an important tool that is appropriate not only in reaching the individuals but also in persuading the key stakeholders and other members of the community to take part in the initiative. ... The funding agencies and other donors will require a satisfactory budget that has a promising outcome. 4) Creating a health promotion team Different responsibilities will be available to ensure full accomplishment of the program’s mission. The members of the team are to be recruited from among the community members and other professionals. The team should include individuals who will have a role in the development, implementation, and evaluation of the program. It has to be noted that the program aims at empowering the members of the public to have control over their health through independent creative and innovative ideas. The program enables the members of the public to make informed decisions concerning their health (Fertman and Allensworth, 2010, p.6). Involving the public in the health promotion program also ensures more public ownership of the program, which is an asset towards the success of the program. 5) Identification of activities in the program and the target grou ps This involves brainstorming the appropriate interventions that will be used promote awareness of the Parkinson’s disease and reduce the risks of its outbreak or spread among the Aboriginals. The approaches may be different or different population groups and thus it is necessary to the program activities that may be applied for a given identified group. 6) Scheduling The whole program has to be accomplished within a given period. The members of the health promotion team have roles that each will play in the promotion program. The identified activities are scheduled in respect to their relevance and the individuals to carry out the activities. 7) The activities in the program

Journal Entry #3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Journal Entry #3 - Essay Example That is the reason why we have the law, a set of principles, duties and obligations articulated by the peoples’ representatives. Because people are essentially different, not everybody agrees with the law; but for the law to work, everybody must abide by it. Yes, it is true that in this great country of ours, each person is free to abide by the dictates of his conscience; but this has a limit, and the limit is fixed by law. If people were excused from following the law because they did not believe in it, then the law would be useless, and anarchy would result. The latin maxim, Dura lex sed lex, is thus highly appropriate in this regard; it means, â€Å"The law may be harsh; but it is the law.† When a country is made up of people of the same race, religion, cultural background, and other such attributes, then the conflict among them would fall along personal traits. But where differences in race, religion, cultural background, and other such attributes exist, then there is added basis by which to perceive imagined injustices. The affirmative action law, however, is different in that it makes the differences in racial, cultural, or even gender attributes the basis for making a favourable decision on employment. No longer is it just to state that â€Å"no distinction must be made,† bit that a distinction should be made precisely on that basis, except where the distinction used to be negative because of prejudice, it is now mandated to be positive by force of law. This is where injustice is alleged. In the bigger picture, however, it appears that at least for now, we do need affirmative action. Even today, our managers in multinational corporations still harbor, sometimes unintentionally, stereotypical images of people who differ in race, creed or nationality (Egan & Benedick, 2008, p. 388). The hardwiring of centuries of cultural programming have ingrained in the privileged

Housing Estate in Cold-Water Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Housing Estate in Cold-Water - Case Study Example This report pertains to the development of Cold waters housing initiative as apparent from the computer-graphed image above which will mean that the current map of the Cold-Water will have a large number of landscape changes made to it with a possible usage of land swaps and remodeling.At the outset it is possible to see from the graphically configured diagram of the Waterside View above it can be seen that it is not only a housing area but the inclusion of the aquatic leisure centre is all set to increase the commercial value of the estate. The plan is to focus upon terraced houses and low rise flats for an increase in the landscape beauty. The housing estate will be complete with a new leisure centre ,a public covered swimming pool, a training pool, and generous opportunities for gymnastic and sports activities. It is also planned that there will be two nearby single storey retail warehouses with expansive surface car parking for them and n restaurants/cafes with outside seating areas for the summer. All vehicle servicing will be underground. As mentioned before the housing plan includes a lot of low rise flats which will be around this commercial property and a liberal amount of landscaping will be provided from the dock area above. This area was formerly a low wage income area before the government too initiatives to bring out the commercial potential of this place. The residential housing is for both commercial and council purposes. There is a total of 55,600 sq m of residential housing available 60% of which is based on the PFI initiative and will be sold or leased back to the Local Government.The problem here is that due to the lack of labour etc there are likely to be delays in building which may cause fines being imposed upon the constructing firms.These delays may also be aggravated by the scientific protests going on. The idea for the commercial accommodation is feasible enough as the plan includes reasonably priced properties along with balconies and roof gardens and secure car-parking underground. The demographics, densities and styles around the locality and styles of local housing developments There are many neighbourhoods surrounding Cold water like as Steel Town, Chemical Town, Coal Town where is there is a rampant issue of economic decline and a change in function. New

Finance and Accounting, Literature Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Finance and Accounting, - Literature review Example Controversies such as those linked to the former GE CEO, Jack Welch and the NYSE CEO Richard Grasso have made many companies to create a guideline that will be used to limit how much company executives can earn. It is important to note that even in the cases of the above CEOs, their work and performance on the job was impeccable and many would believe that they earned what they had worked hard for (Jensen and Murphyn 2004:15). However, there is a perception that there was a lot of inadequate disclosure and that they received a little ‘too much’ despite their performance. According to the general conference convened by the International Labor Organization in 1951; the term remuneration was defined as (Yang 2008:654): â€Å"the ordinary, basic or minimum salary and any additional benefits that are payable whatsoever directly or indirectly, whether in cash or in kind, by the employer to the worker and arising out of the worker’s employment.† Success on the oth er hand is mainly defined by the amount of output acquired as a result of one’s ability to utilize the opportunity given to them to lead, supervise, mentor and motivate others effectively. Though many believe that performance is imperative, others postulate that traits and effective practices determine who one becomes and how much they achieve while at the executive position (Yang 2008:654). Others believe that the successful ones are not necessarily the most effective and the debate may go on for a long time. However, the main aim of this report is to look into the issue of remunerations and how they are determined based on performance, success and commitment rather than astuteness to ascend to higher positions quickly. Analyzing Remuneration Packages The past history, if anything to go by, teaches the corporate world that managers, however effective, require having a maximum for the company to remain afloat even when they leave. Attention is mainly given to those who draw s o much that the divide between them and the employees widens every other day. People are entitled to get the maximum they can from their hard work. However, placing a cap on how much one can draw is also important for effective running of the company. Many however argue that the lack of proper and adequate disclosure on how much each of these executives earns has placed a barrier between them and other employees (Jensen and Murphyn 2004:13). Many believe that they are receiving record salaries and bonuses. As a result of this, the 1951 convention sought to bring all the remunerations at par within the companies without watering down the motivation of all the employees. For instance, GE’s CEO had planned for some lavish retirement benefits that were kept secret to the board and the shareholders (Fama and French 2001:23). The reputation of one of the world’s greatest entrepreneurs was questioned. This incident led many to believe that this is what all the other CEOs were receiving. The case of the NYSE CEO was no different. He was accused that he was bound to receive a retirement benefit of close to $190 million in 2003 which was also not disclosed to the board (Jensen and Murphyn 2004:15). These cases bring about a lot of questions that the report will try to answer. The issue of disclosure is very vital in any organization based on the sensitivity of the remunerations issue. However hardworking these executives are, the

Gender and Race in Picasso's Les Demoiselles Assignment

Gender and Race in Picasso's Les Demoiselles - Assignment Example The paper "Gender and Race in Picasso's Les Demoiselles" provide Chave's analysis of the painting. Les Demoiselles d’Avignon was rejected at first and was hidden for more than three decades as people saw what it portrayed was simply not in accordance with their beliefs. They believed that the naked women were not a good; it was an indirect attack to the prostitutes. Chaves objective is to view the picture from a different angle which was not allowed. She uses the picture to show various facts of gender and race and how they are brought out clearly in a picture that was painted so many decades ago yet so relevant in the occurrences that have taken place in the world. Mimicry is the act of copying what one is doing, their speech, look or even their actions. Minstrelsy on the other hand is whereby the Americans acted or performed skits and other acts in blackface. Picasso’s art in Les Demoiselles d’Avignon is an act of mimicry and minstrelsy whereby; using the two w omen on the right-hand side of the picture, he gives an exaggerated representation using the African masks which are sacred. This mimicry is to show that these women simply are African women being perceived as prostitutes. Mimicry is one of the most effective and an unrecognizable form of power that colonialists used as at a first glance it shows both resemblance and menace. They have the turbans which are usually worn by African women which is a continuous mimicry of African women. In Les Demoiselles, Minstrelsy is also seen where it makes fun of the clients.

Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 32

Discussion - Essay Example In addition, crowding is usually associated with poverty since poor households are usually at higher risks of catching fire (Jennings, 1996). Fire incidences in crowded areas have always had severe impacts as compared to areas that are less crowded. Usually, low income earning families usually live in masses that include the extended family and friends owing to the lack of affordable housing. This increases the number of victims in cases of fire (Jennings, 1996). In addition, Jennings (1996) argues that when many people are in a household, it makes it difficult to rescue everyone especially for old people and children who cannot run from the fire. Crowded homes are a suggestion that the members are poor, thus their houses possibly lack smoke detectors. In case a fire occurs the occupants will have limited time to escape and thus makes them unable to reach neighboring households and alert or rescue them. It is imperative that safety measures be taken to address the fire issue in crowded areas so as to save lives in case of fire

Donatellos David Essay Example for Free

Donatellos David Essay The re-creation of David, a biblical hero, comes from three very notable works of art from history. The free standing sculptures are made by Donatello, Michelangelo and Bernini. Donatello is an artist and sculptor known for his exploration of human emotion and expression. He also known to use difficult mediums to make masterpieces. In Donatello’s depiction of David appears as a bronze work of art from the Italian Renaissance period. This is a life sized sculpture of David in the nude. Its dimensions are 5’2 Â ¼ in. (as tall as me!) and possibly created thruout 1446 1460. Michelangelo the second artist of a David sculpter, was a poet and an artist, he studied and apprenticed under many great artist. Michelangelo’s depiction of David is a work of art formed from marble made in the High Renaissance period made in 1623-1624 and took about seven months to complete. The height of this sculpture is 170cm. This also is a nude statue. The last work of art we will explore, is that of David, in Bernini’s depiction. Bernini was a sculptor, painter and playwright. He was the Vatican architect in 1692. His work of David was formed from marble, made in approximately 1504 around or in the Baroque period and stands about 5.17 meter tall (17ft.) The body composition and expressions on the face are all different in each work of art of David. Donatello’s work seems to explore a younger more adolescent view of David. The body composition seems strong, but strong for a teenaged underdeveloped boy. The arms, legs and thighs have very little muscle tone and do not seem strong at all. David’s hair is long and thick but stringy. His facial features are very soft, no hard or intense emotion. The hat and boots are extremely detailed, but I must say they make did look very lady-like. The arm resting on the hip and dainty physique looks more woman-like than boy. I think the genitals look very underdeveloped. There is muscle tone in the abdominals but the chest area even look like there are breasts forming. The eyes are large

The Fiftieth Gate Essay Example for Free

The Fiftieth Gate Essay It is the interplay of both history and memory, which allows us to gain empathetic understanding of Truth. History is factual, and traditionally objective, yet is subject to bias and control. It cannot reveal the reality of human experience, as it relies on facts, lists and statistics; the need for memory arises. Memory is a composition of personal perspectives which can be deemed subjective, yet challenges history’s authority and rationalism. Combined, history and memory generate a powerful tool when assessing the past, as explored in Mark Baker’s ‘The Fiftieth Gate’. Baker uses deliberate selections of documents and personal accounts from his parents, with stylistic features and representational methods, to create a rounded understanding of the Holocaust. ‘The Sydney Jewish Museum’ similarly employs a range of representational methods and medians to present history and memory, in order to gain a complete understanding of the truth. History is evidently used as an important framework for events throughout ‘The Fiftieth Gate’, using fates and chronological order, â€Å"12th of December†. The use of dates validates memory within the text. History, on its own, is seen as not effective in determining the truth as it is written from a historians collaboration of documented evidence, which is unstructured. Connotations chaos and lack of direction are clear as Baker’s documents â€Å"lay strewn across the floor†¦ dismembered words†¦ bits and pieces† this is highlighting the need for deliberate selection of documented evidence. This bias, throughout ‘The Fiftieth Gate’, is emphasized as a historical document written by the Germans, who completely disregard the millions of murders of The ellipses following the conclusion of the poem ‘tell him that i† symbolizes an unfinished story and allows the responder to assume it is ambiguous in subject, relating to all Jews and the horrors experienced collectively. Such a portrayal of this idea of courage and survival depicted throughout a spiritual element of poetry (commonly referred to as ‘food for the soul’) cannot be depicted throughout only documented fact, as although the approximate number of survivors is known, this figure gives no insight into the immense struggle for life experienced by thousands.

Influence of The Beggars Opera on Musical Theatre

Influence of The Beggars Opera on Musical Theatre Explore the ways in which The Beggars Opera influenced the development of musical theatre in the eighteenth and twentieth centuries. What were the reasons for its continued popularity? Intro The Beggars opera is an outstanding piece of writing, which has for centuries been an inspiration of talent to musical theatre everywhere. John gays piece has led to the creation of many different productions, that shall be talked about in more depth throughout the essay. The 18th Century is the obvious place to start, with the first production being staged in 1728 on 28 January . This is also where John Gays marked his place in History as a great Ballad Opera writer. Ballad Opera was a new Style of musical theatre made huge by its humorous satire, which could be related to by all types and classes of people, because of its satire on Italian Operas and British prime minister Walpole at the time. The play in its new and unique group managed to relate to a mass amount of people who found the humorous play to be so true in its own exaggerated wayWhen given the question (Explore the ways in which The Beggars opera influenced the development of musical theatre in the eighteen and twentiet h centuries. What were the reasons for its continued popularity?) there were certain aspects of the ballad opera which I needed to understand before answering the question. The Production, adaptations of the play, the stylistic aspects, the construction, and its popularity within the two Centuries are some of the key aspects needed to answer the question. The beggars opera and Its low-life settings were Taken and used in pieces like The Cobblers Opera, which is set in Billingsgate. Charles Johnsons The Village Opera ( 1729 ) started a trend for more emotional and more rural subject, which contained little satire or wit. None of these two operas came close to the success of The Beggars Opera. This waspartly to do with the fact Gay had used most of the best songs in the public domain.(footnote)The popularity of The ballad opera caused a lot of serious difficulties for The composers and Italian opera houses at the time including composers such as Handel. When the obsession had died, there were still shorter pieces of the same style which came onto the scene and became popular afterpieces of the Big shows.(footnote) These pieces were written In the early 1760s, they were unoriginal pieces of ballad opera. One called Thomas and sally(1760) by Arne, and one called Love in a village(1772) also by Arne. These were considered unoriginal becaus e only 5 new songs were written for the opera and some were taken from his previous works. (footnote) Bibliography and More Information about ballad opera R. Fiske , English Theatre Music in the Eighteenth Century (London, 1973, 2/1986) Y. Noble (ed.), Twentieth Century Interpretations of The Beggars Opera (Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1975) Percy Scholes / Nicholas Temperley Only The Beggars opera is the only one out of the pieces that kept its popularity. It was a huge milestone of the 20th century for musical theatre, was an adaptation (probably the most well known of all that have been done) of the The beggars opera, The Threepenny Opera. The piece was inspired by The beggars Opera in its social message, using some of the same characters and even one of the songs. Composer Kurt Weill and playwright Bertolt Brecht changed old-fashioned opera and operetta forms, an incorporateda political view and the sound of 1920s Berlin dance bands and cabaret into the play. Weills harmonies and Brechts writing created a completely new musical theatre that inspired some of the most well known hits such as Chicago and cabaret. Mack the Knife, is one of the most well know tunes of the century, this is the opening song to the play.(footnote) The first night of Three penny opera was August 31, 1928. No one knew what to expect from the night, but not long in and everyone began to shout and cheer. The show turned out to be a brilliant success and the popularity spread throughout Europe. This started something huge. After the Berlin premiere, 46 stage productions of the work was generated because of the popularity from audiences. 1931 brought a film version to its audience, the film was called Die 3-Groschenoper. This made a an international star out of weills wife, Lotte Lenya. The opera, by 1933 had already been produced 130 times all over the world. The play really took off after the war when there was a New York production at Theatre de lys, this production was off Broadway. It ran from 1954 to 1961 and the show did a total of 2707 performance and was the longest running play in history a the time. The Threepenny Opera is still entertaining audiences all over the world. There are three cinematic versions of the work, made in 1931, 1963, and 1988. the music and story of The Threepenny Opera as stayed irresistible to audiences everywhere as they were in 1928. This adaptation of the beggars opera as you can see has had significant inspiration on musical theatre, and had a lot on early popular music of the 20th century. In America, ballad opera began with the importation of an English work, Flora, or Hob in the Well, which was given at Charleston, South Carolina, in 1735. The first American performance of The Beggars Opera itself took place in New York in 1750. Thereafter all the most popular English comic operas were quickly imported, and, indeed, for long they formed the sole operatic entertainment in the English colonies and successor states, since Italian and French opera did not reach that part of America until the 1790s, and no serious attempt to promote Italian opera was made until 1825 . Many writers of the time were sticking to Italian Opera, which were very serious 1953 brought forward a new light on the ballad opera turning it into a film. The film priemered in London on the 5th of June 1953, film1985, Musical theatre before The beggars opera was very different. During the 17th Century there was a period called interregnum, unfortunately this had an effect on musical theatre and During this time theatrical performances were forbidden under the Puritan government. After this period and when the restoration was finally over, there was a lot of changes to society. There was a lot of positive effects on the countrys performing arts, and because of the financial developments the balance of social classes came together. Londoners started to appreciate newer forms of artistic expression. They welcomed teachers of Italian and French to the city, as well as the many Continental musicians who arrived and settled there. An era began where Italian style was put above all other types of entertainment. The Italian castrato was a male singer who was trained to sing with soprano or alto voice. The Italian Castrato became very popular(footnote) John gay took a lot of his inspiration for the The beggars opera Productions an adaptations of The beggars opera since 1728 have been everywhere. I have taken a look at some of these since its first performance to show how much of a success it was even 250 years on, the influence on musical theatre has shown in many different types of opera. When John Gay took his new ballad opera to the manager of the famous Drury lane theatre, Colley Cibber, gay was unfortunately turned away. The main reason for Colley Cibbers choice was not ignorance, it was a perception of its political satire that made him refuse. If maybe The beggars opera was a bit more obtuse there would have been a bigger chance of Cibber accepting. The fact that Cibber had a Personal friendship with British Prime minister Walpole would probably have also played a big part in Cibbers decision, as he could not of found Gays Humour remotely comical.[i]Not long after Gays disappointment with Colley Cibbers Decision, Gay approached John Rich, the manager of another successful theatre called Lincolns Inn Fields. John Rich decided to take a chance on Gays work, However John Rich had his doubts and probably would have dropped it after its rehearsals if it wasnt for Gays friends who pressured him into continuing with the balled opera.[ii] John rich was so right in takin g on the piece and the widespread popularity of Gays Ballad opera led Rich to build Covent Garden, which today is the most famous Opera house in London.[iii] Gays main source of inspiration for the 69 Songs (in the original score there were 68 songs, one was added later by third edition) in his ballad opera were taken from a collection of songs and ballads written by Thomas DUrfey. The verses he wrote were mostly written to folksongs and favourite melodies. The book was published in 1700 in a songbook entitled, Wit and Mirth or pills to purge melancholy. John Gay selected many songs from this collection of popular music and wrote his own lyrics, so that the lyrics fitted in with his opera. Gay also had other sources which he borrowed from such as his contemporary composers Eccles, Barrett, Purcell, Clarke, and Handel, as well as using tunes from English, Scotch, and Irish folksongs. The music in the ballad was collected and the arranged to fit. The chosen songs included a range of popular styles at the time, from jigs to hymn-like tunes. German composer and music Director of Lincolns Inn Fields Theatre Dr. Pepusch Also participated in the creation of the score, providing the overture and assisting in the orchestration of the opera.[iv] The first Performance of John Gays Ballet Opera The Beggars Opera was on stage in 1728, This performance attracted the acclaim and attention of the Popular audience in England. The first season of performances lasted for a total of 62 nights. The play received just as much applause in the next season of performances. It soon spread into a lot of the main towns in England, and also made its way to Wales Scotland and Ireland where it was made more popular. The woman who played Polly( Lavinia Fenton) became a favourite of many different people. The ballad opera became that successful it drove Italian opera out of England for the whole season. Italian opera had carried Musical theatre for 10 year prior to this completely new style, I see as Experimenting at the time, as it was completely out of the norm. The 62 consecutive nights seems like a huge amount to be doing nowadays, but back in the 18th Century however this was quite normal for the actors to be doing. Years later the Opera was performed internationally in Dublin, Jamaica, Glasgow, New York. In America The beggars Opera was one of the earliest musical comedies Produced.[v] The Opera popularised this new form of stage entertainment which was known as balled opera. Balled opera changed Operas standard Upper-class audience and had attracted and combined the likes of lower-class, middleclass and Upper-class followings. Londoners really loved the realism and satire in the ballet opera, I think it was something that everyone at the time could relate to, which maybe why it attracted such a wide range of different minded and different classed people. Audiences would leave the theatre talking about the opera and singing the familiar tunes. There is a lot of evidence to show its popularity in the 18th Century, one being the book trade. This was highly increased because of Its controversial subject matter and satire. Other evidence showing its popularity was that every year after 1728 The beggars opera was performed every single year of the 18th Century.[vi] The Beggars Opera was premiered on January 29, 1728 at John Richs theatre at Lincoln-Inn-Fields and had an overwhelming amount of success. A newspaper at the time, The Craftsman(London weekly) ran this short piece: February 3, 1728 This Week a Dramatick Entertainment has been exhibited at the Theatre in Lincolns-Inn-Fields, entitled The Beggars Opera, which has met with a general Applause, insomuch that the Waggs say it has made Rich very Gay, and probably will make Gay very Rich. The reference to Rich above refers to John Rich, the manager of the Lincolns Inn Fields theatre. February 17, 1728 We hear that the British Opera, commonly called The Beggars Opera, continues to be acted, at the Theatre in Lincolns-Inn Fields with general Applause, to the great Mortification of the Performers and Admirers of the Outlandish Opera in the Haymarket.[vii] The piece written shows how the play was a hit, and happened in such a small amount of time. People from everywhere wanted to see the play because It was the talk of the town. The huge success of The Beggars Opera has retained its popularity for over 200 hundred years, which forms a record in dramatic productions. Every generation brings new applause and the causes for its popularity change each generation, John gay probably didnt expect such a major interest in his work and maybe didnt think it would become as popular as it has. Im sure it would have shocked him that the piece was performed 62 nights in a row at one of the most well known theatres at the time. Gay at the time most definitely would have been expecting some abuse over the satire contained in the opera but he would not of been expecting the creation of the characters Macheath, his gang, and women followers would be criticized, and made into something more serious.[viii] The ballad opera has become so influential that critics by now tend to assume that complicated irony is Pervasive and thoroughgoing in the language of the play. Ironic double-meaning is understood to provide a key to correct reading of Gays satire, which in its ambiguity and uncertainty is modernistic.[ix] The first imitation of The beggars opera was by Tomas Cooke and johnJohn Mottleys ballad opera Penelope-the odyssey story set in England, this was also in 1728. The opera only ran for 3 night which had nothing on Gays piece.[x] Another production of the beggars opera was the 1985 Performances at 1985 brought forward lots of production of the ballad opera, and it marked Johngays In 1985 this Catchy News paper article, shows how popular The beggars opera was and how popular is was still in 1985. Beggars Banquet Dramatic and musical flexibility and vitality make John Gays 1728 Musical comedy an indestructible theatrical creation During the 18th Century Musical theatre Except in Air 34, where Pepusch used P.G. Sandonis original bass for the latters setting of Gays own song-text Sweet Williams Farewell to Black-eyd Susan. Also, in Air 20 (Handels march from Rinaldo) and Air 41 (Purcells song If loves a sweet passion), Pepuschs bass line is similar to the composers own. For further details, see my edition, p.108. ) Arrangements of the The rearranging of the songs in The beggars be traced back to the first performance in 1728. The existing tunes John gay had chosen for his play, were taken by arranger John Christopher Pepusch and instead of him taking earlier harmonized version of the songs, he added his own basses.(footnote)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1729 the basses were published, this was the third edition of the work. The first two edition only include the tunes.( The songs were unlike John Pepuschsfully-scored overture written for two oboes and string, and there printed on two staves. The staves lack any instrumental introductions or codas.(footnote) Other sources show evidence that there was a standard method for arranging the songs. Scoring was for unison violins and continuo, and instrumental introduction and codas copied the opening and closing bars of the song itself.(footnote) When the third edition was introduced it was used as a basis for arrangements until late into the 19th century. However, in the second half of the 18th century, many London revivals began to try out new arrangements for the musical, the most significant version is Thomas Linleys of 1776. All of the arrangements have not been published. In 1769 there was an edition of the ballad opera published with a misleading title page: THE BEGGARS OPERAwith the Additional Alterations byDr ArneThe Basses entirely New.(footnote) The publisher hoped the audience would think that the basses entirely new were part Dr Arnes additional alterations, The truth is the pieces were far to poor to be his work, as it contained too much harmonic for the speed of the tunes. This gave a different spin on the musical but didnt contain the right ingredients, that made gays version what it is. Compared to Pepuschs simple but very effective bass the Arne version omitted some of the songs from the piece, some were transposed and part of the writing is introduced into ensemble numbers. (footnote) Arrangements of ballad operas [i] Colley Cibber: a biography by Helene koon. 1986- 242 pages. Page 118. [ii]www.umich.edu/-ece/student_projects/beggars-opera (the first production) [iii] Colley Cibber: a biography by Helene koon. 1986- 242 pages. Page 118. [iv] www.umich.edu/-ece/student_projects/beggars-opera (the first production) [v] [vi] Introduction to the beggars opera by [vii] The craftsman Newspaper article- February 3rd 1728 This Week a Dramatick Entertainment has been exhibited at the Theatre in Lincolns-Inn-Fields, entitled The Beggars Opera, which has met with a general Applause, insomuch that the Waggs say it has made Rich very Gay, and probably will make Gay very Rich. The reference to Rich above refers to John Rich, the manager of the Lincolns Inn Fields theatre. February 17, 1728 We hear that the British Opera, commonly called The Beggars Opera, continues to be acted, at the Theatre in Lincolns-Inn Fields with general Applause, to the great Mortification of the Performers and Admirers of the Outlandish Opera in the Haymarket. [viii] [ix] Peter Lewis, The uncertainty principle in the beggars opera Durham University Journal 41 (1980) 143-6 [x] The Cambridge history of British theatre Volume 2: 1660 to 1895. 6. The beggars opera: a case study CALHOUN WINTON. Page 126.

Essay --

Intorduction What is leadership?. If I look at my life, how I see leadership, what impact did something or somebody have on my life. What characteristic do I have or does a person need to make you a good leader?. Furthermore what is my role of being a good leader and am I successful in this role as a good leader or do I have gaps?. How do I close the gaps to become a great leader?. Can I say at the end I am a good leader in what I’m doing or am I on the right track of becoming a good leader. What is leadership Leadership is all around us, there are leaders at schools, at home, at work, on the sport field, in the government. The word leaders have many meanings, it can be somebody leading others by guiding them in a direction, showing them where to go, and then you have leaders who control or rule a group a good example is president. A leader can be somebody specific to a group; this could be the general manager of a company. Therefore, we can see leadership is everywhere. Where do leadership start for me? If I have to look in to my history from child wood until now, was there any leadership fundamental in me. I’m oldest of three brothers in the family, with a 7 year gap between us. So I would say as the elderly brother I always look out for them in a protective kind of way leading them away from harm and danger. As the year go on the focus of leadership change, I had to think of my way forward and not so much in holding their hands. For me at that time it was all about vision and passion, what impact I could have on the team. When I play sport I went out and gave 120% because of my passion and proudness, I think this has to do with me not having any support from my parents, I had to proof to them that I have something in me to ... ...art of my success is that I had a couple of dreams; one was to becoming somebody in sport and the other was to be somebody from whom others could learn. As for the rest of it is there, but still need to work on them, bringing them together so that they can work as one. With dreams you have to have a vision, how you going to make this dream become a reality. Share your vision with others, your team wants to work with you to complete the vision. Ownership, make them believe it is there goals and vision. Communication, you need to have a good, effective communication with the right attitude. Furthermore, you need to be flexible, open-minded, thinks outside the box, and know that not all problems have the same solution. Conviction, a strong vision, and the willpower to see it through, because your team will not support or respect your vision if you don’t believe in it.

Assisted Suicide: The End of Suffering :: Euthanasia, Physician Assisted Suicide

Huge purple, grape-like masses are what a man named Richard Chinn saw under a patient's chin when he went to work for a hospital. This patient was diagnosed with cancer, and those huge masses were the cancerous tumor. When this man would eat, the cancerous growth would start collecting food, of whatever he didn't swallow quickly. When it would start growing to about grapefruit size, or larger, the doctors would amputate it. However, this did not do much justice, because the growth would just come back. Amputation after amputation made the patient very uneasy and want to end his life. He and his family numerously asked doctors to put him out of his misery, and even went to court, but he was still told "no." There was no more point to this man's life, he was suffering miserably and the cancer would never go away. Eventually he came down with ammonia, and instead of trying to revive him, they finally let him have his peace (Chinn). If Euthanasia was legal, then this suffering m an could have ended his pain early, but due to complications in the legal system, his life was drug out too long. Euthanasia is defined as a painless, happy and easy death, which is derived from the Greek words Eu Thanatos. Looking back to ancient Greece and Rome, Euthanasia was practiced regularly. If they saw a person suffering miserably and they could do nothing for them, they would end their life early by feeding them poison. However, throughout time religion was increased, and the life of a human being was viewed as sacred. Because of this, euthanasia was slowly portrayed as wrong ("The Controversy"). There are two main types of euthanasia- passive and active. Although both are illegal in all states but Oregon, passive euthanasia is easier for people to accept. Passive involves taking a person off of their life support, and letting them die naturally, while active is ending a suffering persons life prematurely, by helping them die, with an overdose of medication (A Euthanasia Glossary). Although Euthanasia is not widely accepted, nor legal, there are people who try to break the rules. Jack Kevorkian, a retired pathologist, was convicted of first-degree murder, in March of 1999, and will spend 10-25 years in prison. He injected a man named Thomas Youk with a deadly level of medicine and killed him.

Cryogenics And The Future :: essays research papers

Cryogenics and the Future Cryogenics is a study that is of great importance to the human race and has been a major project for engineers for the last 100 years. Cryogenics, which is derived from the Greek word kryos meaning "Icy Cold," is the study of matter at low temperatures. However low is not even the right word for the temperatures involved in cryogenics, seeing as the highest temperature dealt with in cryogenics is 100 (C (-148 (F) and the lowest temperature used, is the unattainable temperature -273.15 (C (-459.67 (F). Also, when speaking of cryogenics, the terms Celsius and Fahrenheit are rarely used. Instead scientists use a different measurement called the Kelvin (K). The Kelvin scale for Cryogenics goes from 173 K to a fraction of a Kelvin above absolute zero. There are also two main sciences used in cryogenics, and they are Superconductivity and Superfluidity. Cryogenics first came about in 1877, when a Swiss Physicist named Rasul Pictet and a French Engineer named Louis P. Cailletet liquefied oxygen for the first time. Cailletet created liquid oxygen in his lab using a process known as adiabatic expansion, which is a "thermodynamic process in which the temperature of a gas is expanded without adding or extracting heat from the gas or the surrounding system"(Vance 26). At the same time Pictet used the "Joule-Thompson Effect," a thermodynamic process that states that the "temperature of a fluid is reduced in a process involving expansion below a certain temperature and pressure"(McClintock 4). After Cailletet and Pictet, a third method, known as cascading, was developed by Karol S. Olszewski and Zygmut von Wroblewski in Poland. At this point in history Oxygen was now able to be liquefied at 90 K, then soon after liquid Nitrogen was obtained at 77 K, and because of these advancements scientist all over the world began competing in a race to lower the temperature of matter to Absolute Zero (0 K) [Vance, 1-10]. Then in 1898, James DeWar mad a major advance when he succeeded in liquifying hydrogen at 20 K. The reason this advance was so spectacular was that at 20 K hydrogen is also boiling, and this presented a very difficult handling and storage problem. DeWar solved this problem by inventing a double- walled storage container known as the DeWar flask, which could contain and hold the liquid hydrogen for a few days. However, at this time scientists realized that if they were going to make any more advances they would have to have better holding containers. So, scientists came up with insulation techniques that we still use today.

Elements of the Gothic Genre

The gothic novel was invented almost single-handedly by Horace Walpole, whose The Castle of Otranto (1764) contains essentially all the elements that constitute the genre. Walpole's novel was imitated not only in the eighteenth century and not only in the novel form, but it has influenced writing, poetry, and even film making up to the present day. It introduced the term â€Å"gothic romance† to the literary world. Due to its inherently supernatural, surreal and sublime elements, it has maintained a dark and mysterious appeal. However, the roots of the Gothic? precede the Gothic? works of Horace Walpole.The focus on the grotesque in the medieval period (visible especially in the paintings and architecture of the period) provides a key backdrop against which Gothic must be read, as do the violent and often grotesque tragedies written for the Elizabethan and Jacobean theatre, with their detailed, almost surgical exploration of the supernatural, vice, corruption, imprisonment, br utality and sexuality, all of which were to provide the very substance of the Gothic authors. (Note particularly ‘Macbeth? and ‘Dr Faustus?) Gothic literature is devoted primarily to stories of horror, the fantastic, and the â€Å"darker† supernatural forces.These forces often represent the â€Å"dark side† of human nature— irrational or destructive desires. Gothic literature derives its name from its similarities to the Gothic medieval cathedrals, which feature a majestic, unrestrained architectural style with often savage or grotesque ornamentation (the word â€Å"Gothic† derives from â€Å"Goth,† the name of one of the barbaric Germanic tribes that invaded the Roman Empire). The Gothic genre (in both literature and architecture) is therefore associated with savagery and barbarism.Generally speaking, gothic literature delves into the macabre nature of humanity in its quest to satisfy mankind's intrinsic desire to plumb the depths of t error. The key features of gothic texts are: 1) the appearance of the supernatural, 2) the psychology of horror and/or terror, 3) the poetics of the sublime, 4) a sense of mystery and dread 5) the appealing hero/villain, 6) the distressed heroine, and 7) strong moral closure (usually at least). ELEMENTS OF THE GOTHIC IN TEXTS 1. Setting in a castle or haunted house. The action takes place in and around an old castle, sometimes seemingly abandoned, sometimes occupied.The castle often contains secret passages, trap doors, secret rooms, dark or hidden staircases, and possibly ruined sections. The castle may be near or connected to caves, which lend their own haunting flavour with their branchings, claustrophobia, and mystery. (Translated into modern filmmaking, the setting might be in an old house or mansion–or even a new house–where unusual camera angles, sustained close ups during movement, and darkness or shadows create the same sense of claustrophobia and entrapment. ) It is usually a dwelling that is inhabited by or visited regularly by a ghost or other supposedly supernatural being.Example: Horace Walpole's The Castle of Otranto. Walpole's novel first introduced to gothic literature its single most influential convention, the haunted castle. The castle is the main setting of the story and the centre of activity. Cemetery /Graveyard. A cemetery defines a place which is used for the burial of the dead. Cemeteries are widely used in Gothic Literature as oftentimes frightening places where revenance can occur. Catacombs are especially evocative Gothic spaces because they enable the living to enter below ground a dark labyrinth resonating with the presences and mysteries of the dead. . The Weather is used in a number of ways and forms, some of these being: Mist – This convention in Gothic Literature is often used to obscure objects (this can be related to the sublime) by reducing visibility or to prelude the insertion of a terrifying person or thing; Storms – These frequently accompany important events. Flashes of lightning accompany revelation; thunder and downpours prefigure the appearance of a character or the beginning of a significant event (eg thunder precedes the entrance of the witches in ‘Macbeth?;Sunlight – represents goodness and pleasure; it also has the power to bestow these upon characters. 3. An atmosphere of mystery and suspense. (or a sense of dread) The work is pervaded by a threatening feeling, a fear enhanced by the unknown. Often the plot itself is built around a mystery, such as unknown parentage, a disappearance, or some other inexplicable event eg. Ghosts walking or a painting coming to life. There may be an ancient prophecy connected with the castle or its inhabitants. It is usually obscure, partial or confusing.This serves to captivate the reader and encourage further reading. The atmosphere may also be seen acting upon the protagonists in texts, influencing them by excitin g their curiosity or fear. 4. Claustrophobia / Entrapment & Imprisonment: A favourite horror device of the Gothic finds a person confined or trapped, such as being shackled to a floor or hidden away in some dark cell or cloister. This sense of there being no way out contributes to the claustrophobic psychology of Gothic space. It consists of an abnormal dread of being confined in a close or narrow space.Often ttributed to actual physical imprisonment or entrapment, claustrophobia can also figure more generally as an indicator of the victim's sense of helplessness or horrified mental awareness of being enmeshed in some dark, inscrutable destiny 5. The supernatural may be intrinsic to the plot. This is generally in the form of some kind of supernatural being or object, such as a vampire, witch, devil or ghost, which is frightening due to its refusal to adhere to the laws of nature, God or man. In ‘Macbeth? there are three witches. Dr Faustus communicates with a demon and indirec tly with Lucifer.All of ‘Paradise Lost? involves the supernatural. 6. Dreams, omens, portents, visions. Dreaming is characterised as a form of mental activity that takes place during the act of sleep. Dreams invoke strong emotions within the dreamer, such as ecstasy, joy and terror. Dreams dredge up these deep emotions and premonitions that reflect tellingly upon the dreamer, what one might conceal during waking hours but what emerges in sleep to haunt and arouse the dreamer. It is most likely due to this heightened emotional state that dreams are used so often within Gothic Literature.By invoking dream states within their characters, authors are able to illustrate emotions on a more unmediated and, oftentimes, terrifying level. Dreams reveal to the reader what the character is often too afraid to realise about himself or herself. Dreaming also has an ancient relation with the act of foretelling wherein the future is glimpsed in the dream state. Perhaps the most famous Gothic example of significant dreams occurs in Shelley's ‘Frankenstein? after Frankenstein ‘awakes' his creature: he falls into a dream state that begins with his kissing of Elizabeth, his love.However, this kiss changes her in the most drastic way as she transforms into the rotting corpse of Caroline, Victor's dead mother. Upon awakening from this horrifying dream, Victor finds himself staring into the face of the monster he has created. Interpretations of this dream lead to explorations of Frankenstein's psyche, relational ability and sexuality. A character may have a disturbing dream vision, or some phenomenon may be seen as a portent of coming events. For example, if the statue of the lord of the manor falls over, it may portend his death.In modern fiction, a character might see something (a shadowy figure stabbing another shadowy figure) and think that it was a dream. This might be thought of as an â€Å"imitation vision. † Banquo in ‘Macbeth? dreams of the â €˜weird sisters?. Lady Macbeth?s suppressed guilt emerges when she is seen sleepwalking. 7. The stock characters of Gothic fiction include tyrants, villains, bandits, maniacs, Byronic heroes, persecuted maidens, femmes fatales, madwomen, magicians, vampires, werewolves, monsters, demons, angel, fallen angel, the beauty and the beast, revenants, ghosts, perambulating skeletons, the Wandering Jew, and the Devil himself. .Villain-Hero (Satanic, Promethean, Byronic Hero) The villain of a story who either 1) poses as a hero at the beginning of the story or 2) simply possesses enough heroic characteristics (charisma, sympathetic past, etc) so that either the reader or the other characters see the villain-hero as more than a simple charlatan or bad guy. Three closely related types exist: Satanic Hero: a Villain-Hero whose nefarious deeds and justifications of them make him a more interesting character than the rather bland good hero.Example: The origin of this prototype comes from Roman tic misreading of Milton's Paradise Lost, whose Satan poets like Blake and Shelley regarded as a far more compelling figure than the moralistic God of Book III of the epic. Gothic examples: Beckford's Vathek, Radcliffe's Montoni, and just about any vampire. Promethean: a Villain-Hero who has done good but only by performing an over-reaching or rebellious act. Prometheus from ancient Greek mythology saved mankind but only after stealing fire and ignoring Zeus' order that mankind should be kept in a state of subjugation.Mary Shelley's Frankenstein is tellingly subtitled the â€Å"Modern Prometheus. † Consider whether Dr Faustus is a Promethean hero. (The vaulting arches and spires of Gothic cathedrals reach wildly to the sky as if the builders were trying to grasp the heavens , an ambition for the eternal that is likewise expressed in many works of Gothic literature (consider Manfred's quest for supernatural power in Byron's poem, or Frankenstein's quest to become godlike by cr eating life or Dr. Faustus pact – offering his soul for 24 years of power).Byronic Hero: a later variation of the â€Å"antithetically mixed† Villain-Hero. Aristocratic, suave, moody, handsome, solitary, secretive, brilliant, cynical, sexually intriguing, and nursing a secret wound, he is renowned because of his fatal attraction for female characters and readers and continues to occasion debate about gender issues. Example: Byron's Childe Harold and, more gothically, Manfred are the best examples, but this darkly attractive and very conflicted male figure surfaces everywhere in the 19th and 20th century gothic eg Heathcliff or Wilde?s Dorian Gray.Byron himself was described as â€Å"mad, bad and dangerous to know. † The Byronic hero in literature and life: A. Robin Hood B. Richard III C. Iago D. Faust/ Dr. Faustus E. Milton's Satan F. Victor Frankenstein G. Frankenstein's Creature H. Dracula I. Byron?s Manfred J. Cain K. Lara L. Conrad M. Childe Harold N. Byron, Shelley O. Ambrosio P. Peter Quint Q. Miss Jessel R. Stalin S. Hitler T. The Unabomber U. Prometheus 9. The Pursued Protagonist This refers to the idea of a pursuing force that relentlessly acts in a severely negative manner on a character.This persecution often implies the notion of some sort of a curse or other form of terminal and utterly unavoidable damnation, a notion that usually suggests a return or â€Å"hangover† of traditional religious ideology to chastise the character for some real or imagined wrong against the moral order. The Wandering Jew is perhaps the archetypically pursued/pursuing protagonist. –Drew McCray 10. Pursuit of the Heroine This is the pursuit of a virtuous and idealistic (and usually poetically inclined) young woman by a villain, normally portrayed as a wicked, older but still potent aristocrat.While in many early Gothic novels such a chase occurs across a Mediterranean forest and/or through a subterranean labyrinth, the pursuit of the he roine is by no means limited to these settings. This pursuit represents a threat to the young lady's ideals and morals (usually meaning her virginity), to which the heroine responds in the early works with a passive courage in the face of danger; later gothic heroines progressively become more active and occasionally effective in their attempts to escape this pursuit and indict patriarchy. eg. Angela Carter?s ‘The Bloody Chamber. ?Women in distress. As an appeal to the pathos and sympathy of the reader, the female characters often face events that leave them fainting, terrified, screaming, and/or sobbing. A lonely, pensive, and oppressed heroine is often the central figure of the novel, so her sufferings are even more pronounced and the focus of attention. The women suffer all the more because they are often abandoned, left alone (either on purpose or by accident), and have no protector at times.Women threatened by a powerful, impulsive, tyrannical male. One or more male chara cters has the power, as king, lord of the manor, father, or guardian, to demand that one or more of the female characters do something intolerable. The woman may be commanded to marry someone she does not love (it may even be the powerful male himself), or commit a crime. 11. The Outsider: The one theme that cuts through virtually all Gothic is that of the â€Å"outsider,† embodied in wanderers like Frankenstein's creature.Gothic fiction is concerned with the outsider, whether the stationary figure who represses his difference, or the wandering figure who seeks for some kind of salvation, or else the individual who for whatever reason- moves entirely outside the norm. In any event, he is beyond the moderating impulses in society, and he must be punished for his transgression. He is gloomy and melancholy, full of self-pity and self-hatred. Like Cain, he is the perpetual outsider, marked by his appearance, doomed to wander the four corners of the earth, alone and reviled.It may be argued that Frankenstein himself becomes an outsider as he grows more and more like his creation. . While the society at large always appears bourgeois in its culture and morality, the Gothic outsider is a counterforce driven by strange longings and destructive needs. While everyone else appears sane, he is insane; while everyone else appears bound by legalities, he is trying to snap the pitiless constrictions of the law; while everyone else seems to lack any peculiarities of taste or behaviour, he feels only estrangement, sick longings, terrible surges of power and devastation.Take for example, Heathcliff in ‘Wuthering Heights?. 12. Possession The popularity of belief in demonic possession seems to have originated within Christian Theology during the Middle Ages. During this time, Christians lived in fear concerning the war being waged between God and the Devil over every mortal soul. Hence, this fear of possession seemed to culminate into an act that could be viewed by t he mortal eye. This act is defined as the forced possession of a mortal body by the Devil or one of his demons.There are two types of possession and either can be voluntary or involuntary. Voluntary possession seems to involve a willing exchange in the form of some compact between evil spirit and mortal, often involving wealth, power or goods (eg. The pact Faustus makes); involuntary possession occurs when the devil randomly selects an unwitting host. The two types of possession consist of the transference of the Devil or demon directly into the mortal body or the sending of the Devil or demon into the body by a third party, usually a mortal dabbler in the dark arts.Following the act, the possessed is said to show many symptoms including abnormal strength, personality changes, fits, convulsions, bodily odours resembling sulphur, lewd and lascivious actions, the ability to levitate, the ability to speak in tongues or the ability to foretell future events. Many religions acknowledge t he act of possession still today, most notably the Catholic Church. There seem to be three ways in which to end a possession. 13. Revenance This is the return of the dead to terrorise or to settle some score with the living.4. Revenge Revenge is characterized as the act of repaying someone for a harm that the person has caused; the idea also points back generically to one of the key influences upon Gothic literature: the revenge tragedies of Elizabethan and Jacobean drama. Revenge may be enacted upon a loved one, a family member, a friend, an object or even an area. Within Gothic Literature, revenge is notably prominent and can be enacted by or upon mortals as well as spirits.Revenge can take many forms, such as harm to body, harm to loved ones, and harm to family. The most Gothic version of revenge in Gothic Literature is the idea that it can be a guiding force in the revenance of the dead. 15. Unreliable Narrator A narrator tells a story and determines the story?s point of view. A n unreliable narrator, however, does not understand the importance of a particular situation or makes an incorrect conclusion or assumption about an event that he/she witnesses.An important issue in determining the The Turn of the Screw. 16. Multiple Narrative/Spiral Narrative Method The story is frequently told through a series of secret manuscripts or multiple tales, each revealing a deeper secret, so the narrative gradually spirals inward toward the hidden truth. The narrator is often a firstperson narrator compelled to tell the story to a fascinated or captive listener (representing the captivating power of forbidden knowledge). (Note ‘Wuthering Heights?) 17. High, even overwrought emotion.The narration may be highly sentimental, and the characters are often overcome by anger, sorrow, surprise, and especially, terror. Characters suffer from raw nerves and a feeling of impending doom. Crying and emotional speeches are frequent. Breathlessness and panic are common. In the fi lmed gothic, screaming is common. 18. The Sublime: The definition of this key term has long been a contested term, but the idea of the sublime is essential to an understanding of Gothic poetics and, especially, the attempt to defend or justify the literature of terror.Put basically (and this really is basic – a fuller understanding of the Sublime would be useful to students of Wordsworth or any Gothic Literature), the Sublime is an overpowering sense of the greatness and power of nature, which can be uplifting, aweinspiring and terrifying, caused by experience of beauty, vastness or grandeur. Sublime moments lead us to consider the place of humanity in the universe, and the power exhibited in the world. 19. Darkness as intrinsic to humanity:Generally speaking, gothic literature delves into the macabre nature of humanity in its quest to satiate mankind's intrinsic desire to plumb the depths of terror. 0. Necromancy This is the black art of communicating with the dead. This is usually done to obtain information about the future, but can also be used for other purposes, such as getting the dead to perform deeds of which humans are not capable. The conjurer often stood in a circle, such as a pentagram, in order to protect himself from the dead spirit, yet he was often overpowered by the spirit. Examples: The most famous examples of necromancy can be found in literary renditions of the Faust legend, from Marlowe to Johann Wolfgang von Goethe to Byron with his Manfred.In these works, Faust not only speaks with the devil in order to strike a deal but necromantically invokes various dead, famous figures from the past for his amusement and edification. 21. Blood -This is a prominent symbol in Gothic works often intimating the paradox of the human condition; blood can represent both life and death, or both guilt (e. g. , murder) and innocence (e. g. , redemptive blood). Consider references to blood in ‘Macbeth?, Byron's Manfred and Mary Shelley's Frankenste in. 22.Marriage as Resolution: The importance of marriage in this scheme cannot be overstated. Not only does movement toward matrimony in the Gothic's present trigger the appearance of the buried past, but that buried past itself always contains information tied to the institutions of matrimony or family interest. 23. Sadism : The word â€Å"sadism† was coined to describe the writings of Donatien-AlphonseFrancois, the Marquis de Sade. Sadism is a sexual perversion where one person gains gratification by inflicting physical or mental pain on others.It can also mean a delight in torment or excessive cruelty. (Heathcliff in ‘Wuthering Heights? / or the husband in ‘The Bloody Chamber?. 24. Strong Moral Closure: If de Sade is to be believed, the Gothic genre arose as a response to the brutality and bloodiness of Romantic society, and it as part of this response that Gothic fiction usually contains a strong moral. 25. The metonymy of gloom and horror. Metonymy is a subt ype of metaphor, in which something (like rain) is used to stand for something else (like sorrow).For example, the film industry likes to use metonymy as a quick shorthand, so we often notice that it is raining in funeral scenes. Note that the following metonymies for â€Å"doom and gloom† all suggest some element of mystery, danger, or the supernatural. wind, especially howling doors grating on rusty hinges footsteps approaching lights in abandoned rooms characters trapped in a room ruins of buildings thunder and lightning rain, especially blowing sighs, moans, howls, eerie sounds clanking chains gusts of wind blowing out lights doors suddenly slamming shut aying of distant dogs (or wolves? ) crazed laughter 26. The vocabulary of the gothic. The constant use of the appropriate vocabulary set creates the atmosphere of the gothic.Here as an example are some of the words (in several categories) that help make up the vocabulary of the gothic in The Castle of Otranto: Mystery dia bolical, enchantment, ghost, goblins, haunted, infernal, magic, magician, miracle, necromancer, omens, ominous, portent, preternatural, prodigy, prophecy, secret, sorcerer, spectre, spirits, strangeness, talisman, vision Fear, Terror, or Sorrow fflicted, affliction, agony, anguish, apprehensions, apprehensive, commiseration, concern, despair, dismal, dismay, dread, dreaded, dreading, fearing, frantic, fright, frightened, grief, hopeless, horrid, horror, lamentable, melancholy, miserable, mournfully, panic, sadly, scared, shrieks, sorrow, sympathy, tears, terrible, terrified, terror, unhappy, wretched Surprise alarm, amazement, astonished, astonishment, shocking, staring, surprise, surprised, thunderstruck, wonder Haste anxious, breathless, flight, frantic, hastened, hastily, impatience, impatient, impatiently, impetuosity, precipitately, running, sudden, suddenlyAnger anger, angrily, choler, enraged, furious, fury, incense, incensed, provoked, rage, raving, resentment, temper, wrath , wrathful, wrathfully Largeness enormous, gigantic, giant, large, tremendous, vast 27. Elements of Romance In addition to the standard gothic aspects, many gothic novels contain elements of romance as well. Elements of romance include these: Powerful love. Heart stirring, often sudden, emotions create a life or death commitment. Many times this love is the first the character has felt with this overwhelming power. Uncertainty of reciprocation. What is the beloved thinking?Is the lover's love returned or not? Unreturned love. Someone loves in vain (at least temporarily). Later, the love may be returned. Tension between true love and father's control, disapproval, or choice. Most often, the father of the woman disapproves of the man she loves. Lovers parted. Some obstacle arises and separates the lovers, geographically or in some other way. One of the lovers is banished, arrested, forced to flee, locked in a dungeon, or sometimes, disappears without explanation. Or, an explanation ma y be given (by the person opposing the lovers' being together) that later turns out to be false.Gothicism: In literary criticism, this refers to works characterised by a taste for the medieval or morbidly attractive. A gothic novel prominently features elements of horror, the supernatural, gloom, and violence: clanking chains, terror, charnel houses, ghosts, medieval castles, and mysteriously slamming doors. The term â€Å"gothic novel† is also applied to novels that lack elements of the traditional Gothic setting but that create a similar atmosphere of terror or dread. Mary Shelley's Frankenstein is perhaps the best-known English work of this kind. Grotesque 1) This term originated from oddly shaped ornaments found within Roman dwellings, or grottoes, during the first century. From a literary standpoint, this term implies a mutation of the characters, plants and/or animals. This mutation transforms the normal features and/or behaviours into veritable extremes that are meant to be frightening and/or disturbingly comic (Cornwell 273. (2) The term grotesque also defines a work in which two separate modes, comedy and tragedy, are mixed. The result is a disturbing fiction wherein comic circumstances prelude horrific tragedy and vice versa.